We all know that calcium is an essential mineral that is used by the body to build and maintain healthy bones and teeth.  But did you know that calcium is also used for blood clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, regulation of enzymes and cell membrane function?  That is one useful mineral!

Figs are a vegan source of calcium

If we aren’t consuming enough calcium in our diet, our body will take the calcium it needs from our bones – leading to osteomalacia (softening of the bones) and, along with other factors, to osteoporosis.  If children don’t consume adequate calcium they will not have healthy bone mineralization which can lead to rickets and lifelong low bone mineral density.

Calcium and a vegan diet

One of the concerns people express when they learn I’m raising my children as vegetarians is “how are they getting calcium if they aren’t drinking milk?”.  It’s impressive how well the dairy industry has marketed milk as the only dietary source of calcium!  But there are many plant-based sources of calcium – and it’s not hard to reach your daily calcium needs by eating these common (and delicious!) foods – usually just 2-4 servings a day is more than enough.

Daily Recommended Allowance of Calcium 

40 Vegan Sources of Calcium

Vegetables (per cup)

Kale is a vegan source of calcium

Bok choy (cooked) – 330 mg
Kale – 180mg
Bean sprouts – 320 mg
Spinach (cooked) – 250 mg
Collard greens (cooked) – 260 mg
Mustard greens (cooked) – 100 mg
Turnip greens (cooked) – 200 mg
Swiss chard (cooked) – 100 mg
Seaweed (Wakame) – 120mg
Okra – 130 mg
Broccoli – 45 mg
Fennel – 45 mg
Artichoke – 55 mg
Celery – 40 mg
Leeks – 55 mg

Nuts, nut butters and seeds

Almonds (1/4 cup) – 95 mg
Brazil nuts (1/4 cup) – 55 mg
Hazelnuts (1/4 cup) – 55 mg
Almond butter (1 tbsp) – 43 mg
Sesame seeds (1 tbsp) – 63 mg
Tahini (1 tbsp) – 65 mg

Grains

Cereals (calcium fortified, ½ cup) – 250 to 500 mg
Amaranth (cooked, ½ cup) – 135 mg
Brown rice (cooked, 1 cup) – 50 mg
Quinoa (cooked, 1 cup) – 80 mg

Legumes and beans

Chickpeas (cooked, 1 cup) – 80 mg
Pinto beans (cooked, 1 cup) – 75 mg
Soy beans (cooked, 1 cup) – 200 mg
Tofu (soft or firm, 4 oz) – 120 – 400mg
Tempeh (1 cup) – 150 mg
Navy beans (1 cup) – 110 mg
White beans (cooked, 1 cup) – 140 mg

Fruit (per cup)

Figs (dried) – 300 mg
Apricots (dried) – 75mg
Kiwi – 60mg
Rhubarb (cooked) – 350 mg
Orange – 70 mg
Prunes – 75 mg
Blackberries – 40 mg

Miscellaneous

Blackstrap molasses (1 tbsp) – 135 mg

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

References:

Health Canada.  Vitamin D and Calcium: Updated Dietary Reference Intakes. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/vitamin/vita-d-eng.php.  Accessed January 31, 2012

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Eggs are a common food allergy

Food allergy testing is one of the tools Naturopathic Doctors use to assess health in our patients.  In Naturopathic Medicine our goal is to find the cause of symptoms of illness and disease.  In some people the cause is the food we eat, and a sensitivity or allergy to those foods.  In this article I will answer some of the most common questions people have regarding food allergy testing.

I would know if I had food allergies or intolerances, right?

Not necessarily.  Although you are likely to know if you have an anaphylactic allergy to peanuts or eggs, you may not know if you have a less severe food allergy or intolerance.

What are the symptoms of food allergies and intolerances?

Food allergies and sensitivities can have an incredibly wide range of symptoms including:

Almonds and other nuts can cause food allergies

How can food intolerances cause such a range of symptoms?

The majority of our immune system is found in our digestive tract.  When a food we have an allergy or intolerance to is eaten the immune system makes and releases powerful chemical agents – such as histamines, cytokines, lymphokines, and interferons.  These hormone-like substances dramatically influence our cellular physiology producing diverse effects on the digestive, endocrine, immune and nervous system.

Deficiencies in digestive enzymes (hydrochloric acid or pancreatic enzymes) are also significant contributors to food intolerances.  When proteins (the most common allergens) are not fully digested into individual amino acids, or smaller dipeptides, they retain their full allergic potential.  These incompletely digested proteins are more likely to cause a heightened immune response and a resulting allergic reaction.

What is the difference between a food allergy and a food intolerance?

True food allergies cause atopic hypersensitivity reactions including airway closure, thoat swelling, tongue swelling, hives and other severe symptoms leading to anaphylaxis and can be life-threatening.  They often begin during childhood and may be present for life.

Food intolerances or sensitivities do not often cause these severe symptoms but cause other non-specific or generalized symptoms (as outlined above).  Food intolerances are often the root cause of complex symptom pictures that are not readily diagnosed by conventional methods of testing.  Food intolerances can develop at any age and may or may not be present for life.

How are food allergies or intolerances tested for?

There are several methods of testing for food sensitivities/ intolerances.

 1.    Elimination Diet

Often the first method of determining the presence of food intolerances.  A hypoallergenic, anti-inflammatory diet is consumed for a set period of time (usually 6 weeks).  All the most common allergenic foods are eliminated and the patient self-monitors for improvements in symptoms.  Foods are re-introduced one at a time after the initial period of restriction.  If symptoms arise on reintroducing the food then a food intolerance is suspected.

Advantages: Promotes a general sense of well-being, high level of patient involvement in their health.

Disadvantages: Does not eliminate all potential sources of intolerance.  Requires compliance with a restricted diet for a period of time.  Can be expensive (the cost of egg-free, gluten-free, dairy-free, organic food adds up quickly).

2.    Electrodermal Food Allergy Testing

A machine is held by the patient and the electrical frequencies of food are tested against the body’s reaction to those foods (the brain interprets the electrical signal and elicits a skin resistance response which is read by the machine).

Advantages: Painless.  Children can be tested easily.   A clear outline of food intolerances and the severity of intolerances is given.  Foods do not have to have been consumed recently for valid results (although accuracy is increased if they have been consumed recently or are consumed frequently).

Disadvantages: Moderately expensive.  Some practitioners do not accept the validity of the testing method.  Test accuracy relies on technician proficiency.

Tomatoes and other nightshades are common allergies

 3.    IgG Food Allergy Testing

A finger-prick blood test is analyzed by a specialized laboratory to assess for IgG (immunoglobulin G – one of two antibodies produced during an allergic response). IgG antibodies are produced for several hours or days after exposure to an allergen (which is one of the reasons why some symptoms of allergy/intolerance don’t occur immediately after eating a food).

Advantages: Gives a clear outline of food intolerances and the severity of the intolerance.  Tests for a wide variety of commonly consumed foods.  Only a small amount of blood is required for the test and it can be done in office or at home.  Antihistamine use is permitted during the test.

Disadvantages: Can be expensive.  Food must be consumed within 3 weeks prior to the test for an accurate reading.  Immunosuppressant drugs (prednisone, chloroquine and azothioprine) must not be used during the testing.

In my Toronto clinic I use only the elimination diet and IgG food allergy blood test to assess for food allergies or sensitivities.  Clinically I have found these two tests to be the only measures of food allergy to accurately identify allergies and have a corresponding improvement in patient symptoms.

Why is this testing different than that provided by my MD or allergist?

Most severe, immediate allergy symptoms are a result of IgE (immunoglobulin E) – responsible for Type I hypersensitivity reactions in which a food antigen attaches to an IgE antibody and results in an immediate, and potentially life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction.  Because of this many MDs have limited their testing to this class of immunoglobulins.

There is considerable evidence for IgE testing, but there is also abundant evidence that IgG (immunoglobulin G) is an important marker for allergy testing.  IgG and IgG-complexes are involved in 80% of all food allergy reactions.  IgG is involved in delayed immune responses which are more common in food intolerance.

How are food allergies treated?

Once the food allergies are identified successful treatment requires five essential components:

1. Avoidance of identified allergens/ intolerances
2. Rotation diet until sensitivity is decreased
3. Re-establishment of proper intestinal flora
4. Healing the damaged intestinal mucosa
5. Correction of underlying cause (e.g. maldigestion, insufficient enzymes)

Nutritional and botanical supplements are used to support the body as it repairs and regenerates damaged tissue.  Supplemental enzymes may be used short term to support digestion as the body works towards correcting imbalances.

Why should I have food allergy/ intolerance testing done?

Oranges and other citrus are common food allergens

If you have any of the symptoms listed above, or if you have symptoms that are persistent and unresponsive to treatment then you should consider having food allergy testing done.

One of the best reasons to have food allergy/ intolerance testing done is because you can cure the intolerance.  When you consume foods that you are intolerant to you are creating a state of inflammation (a product of immune system activation) in your digestive tract and other systems in your body.  When you take out the food intolerance, and give your body time and support to heal the damaged tissues in many cases (up to 80%) you can resume eating that food in moderate quantities.

How can I learn more about food allergy testing?

At 360 Health Care I offer Rocky Mountain Analytical’s IgG Food Allergy test.  They offer more information here.  You can also book a complimentary 15 minute consult with me to discuss whether or not food allergy testing would benefit your health.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or “multiple ovarian cysts” affect many teenage girls and adult women.   PCOS often begins shortly after puberty and can persist for years.  It can be a frustrating, and sometimes painful condition.  It can also make becoming pregnant difficult.  However, there are natural treatment options available that are safe and effective even for teenaged girls.

What are ovarian cysts?

Ovarian cysts are formed when ovulation doesn’t occur as it is supposed to.  Within each ovary there are sacs called follicles that contain eggs.  Normally, one or more eggs are released during each menstrual cycle – this is ovulation.  In PCOS the eggs within the follicles do not mature and are not released from the ovaries.  Instead, they form small cysts in the ovary – ovarian cysts.

How do I know if I have PCOS?

Having ovarian cysts is not enough for a diagnosis of polycystic ovaries.  You also must have other symptoms of PCOS. Typically a combination of the following symptoms is present:

• Ovarian cysts
• No menstrual cycle, irregular or infrequent menstrual cycles
• No ovulation
• Infertility
• Hair growth on the upper lip or chin
• Hair loss from the head
• Acne
• Body fat around the waistline
• Dark skin under the armpits, neck, groin or breasts

 If you have symptoms of PCOS there are laboratory tests and ultrasound studies that should be done before a diagnosis of PCOS is made.

What causes PCOS?

PCOS is caused by hormonal imbalances.  An imbalance in a number of different hormones can lead to symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome.  Imbalances in the pituitary, ovaries, pancreatic and adrenal hormones have all been linked to PCOS.  Insulin resistance (a lack of responsiveness to insulin in the cells of your body) is an important factor in the development of PCOS.  Hormone testing should be done to identify your personal imbalances.

PCOS also has a genetic component – if a family member has it (your mother, aunt or grandmother) then you are more likely to develop it.

What treatments are available for PCOS?

With proper diagnosis and treatment, most PCOS symptoms can be effectively managed or eliminated.  The goals for PCOS treatment are to balance hormone levels, decrease insulin resistance and maintain a healthy body weight.

Most Medical Doctors will prescribe a daily birth control pill to manage PCOS.  This approach uses synthetic hormones to artificially ‘balance’ the body’s hormones.  Naturopathic Doctors use diet, vitamins, minerals, herbs and natural supplements to correct the body’s balance and teach it how to maintain balance without using drugs.

Diet and Lifestyle

Whole grains like flax are a source of fiber

Because of the association between being overweight and having PCOS it is important to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.  Losing as little as 5% of body weight can correct insulin resistance and decrease elevated hormone levels (specifically testosterone).

Select foods that are low on the glycemic index and high in fiber to decrease insulin resistance.  Daily exercise is also important for insulin resistance.  A daily fiber supplement can help some people meet their daily fiber goals.  Look for a fiber made from psyllium, guar gum or pectin.

Consider taking an omega 3 supplement (either fish oil or flax seed oil) and avoid consuming saturated fats.  For more information on omega 3 fatty acids read the article here.

Vitamins and minerals

Vitamin B6 can help balance prolactin levels, which are often elevated in PCOS.  B vitamins are also necessary for dopamine synthesis and adrenal hormone production.

Chromium is necessary for proper blood sugar regulation.  Taking chromium increases the uptake of glucose into cells, decreasing insulin resistance.

Herbs (Botanicals)

Vitex agnus castus

Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is a very effective hormone balancer for PCOS.  Saw palmetto decreases the conversion of testosterone to its more biologically active form (dihydroxytestosterone or DHT).  This results in lower levels of circulating testosterone.  Saw palmetto is effective in addressing symptoms of acne, hair loss, and facial hair growth.

Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) is another herb used for PCOS.  Chasteberry inhibits prolactin synthesis and raises progesterone levels restoring balance to two important hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.  Low progesterone levels are very common during puberty and are known to contribute to the formation of ovarian cysts.

Natural supplements

Additional natural supplements may be prescribed by your Naturopathic Doctor to address your individual imbalances.  One natural supplement that is often used for PCOS is inositol (d-chiro-inositol).  A deficiency of inositol is often seen in women with PCOS.  Inositol has many benefits for PCOS – it decreases insulin and insulin resistance, decreases testosterone levels and can help promote regular ovulation.

Summary

Natural treatment of PCOS takes a few months.  A minimum of three menstrual cycles is usually needed to allow for the hormones to become balanced.  Your Naturopathic Doctor will provide you with support and can modify your treatment plan as needed based on your symptoms.  Remember to inform your Naturopathic Doctor if you begin taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications during your treatment because there can be significant interactions between natural supplements and drugs.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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Fever is a natural defence mechanism that our body uses to fight off viral and bacterial infections.  Increasing the body’s temperature allows our immune system to function optimally and makes it difficult for viruses and bacteria to replicate.

In an adult the level of fever generally corresponds to the severity of the illness causing it.  This is not necessarily the case in children.  In a newborn the body’s temperature control mechanisms are not yet well developed.  As a result signs other than fever (poor appetite, lethargy, irritability, nausea and vomiting) may be earlier indicators of an infection than fever.

Often the best treatment for a fever is NOT to decrease the fever (which is performing an important function in fighting off infection), but instead to optimize the fever with herbal diaphoretics.  Diaphoretics temporarily raise the body temperature, activate the immune system, encourage sweating (which then brings down body temperature), improve circulation, and minimize the symptoms of colds and influenza including sore muscles, chills, congestion, and sore throat.

Fever often leads to dehydration, which makes tea an especially effective treatment because it will not only help you to manage the fever but it will also supply much-needed hydration.

Very high fevers (generally above 103F/ 39.4^oC in an adult, above 102F/ 38.8^oC in a child, and above 101F/ 38.3^oC in an infant) should be treated with appropriate medications (such as children’s acetaminophen or ibuprofen) to decrease fever while using tea as a supportive treatment.  Do not give aspirin to a child with a fever.  Aspirin use in children with viral infections has been linked to development of a serious liver disease known as Reye’s syndrome.

In some cases a feverish child may experience a febrile seizure.  These occur in a very small percentage of children.  They do not appear to be related to the severity of the fever or to the rate at which the temperature rose.  About 50% of children to experience one febrile seizure will go on to have another one.  If your child has a febrile seizure ensure that you have your child examine by a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions or causes.

There are several herbal teas that can be used safely in children with a fever.  These herbs can also be used by adults.  Children should be dosed according to their age.  One teaspoon every 3-4 hours for children under one year of age, 2 teaspoons every 3-4 hours for children 1-2 years of age and children over 2 years of age can have 1/4 cup every 3-4 hours.  Adults can consume one cup every 3-4 hours.  

Tea for Fever

Remember – a fever is a sign that the immune system is working.  Hydration and herbal teas are often enough to help a child (or adult!) through the symptoms of a fever.  Always monitor the fever and use medications when necessary.  When in doubt, consult a Naturopathic Doctor or Medical Doctor for help.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again – every pregnancy is different.  And so too is the post-natal period, or months following the delivery of your baby.  My son was born at the end of September and in the weeks since then I’ve developed a troubling new symptom – biliary colic or “gallstone attacks”.

What is the gallbladder?

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that sits next to the liver.  It’s main function is to store and concentrate the bile that is produced in the liver.  When fat is consumed in the diet the gallbladder contracts to release bile back into the digestive tract for fat digestion.

What are gallstones?

Gallstones are accumulations of crystals that join together to form stones.  The stones can be composed of cholesterol (the most common), calcium salts, bilirubin or other bile pigments.  They can vary in size from very small (grains of sand or gravel) to as large as a golf ball.  A person can have gallstones and never know they are there.  Other people develop symptoms known as biliary colic or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder).

Gallstones are more common in women, people who are overweight, over 40 years of age, during pregnancy, after sudden weight loss or in people who consume a high-fat, high-sugar, low-fiber diet.

What are the symptoms of biliary colic or cholecystitis?

The symptoms of gallstone attacks vary but typically include some or all of the following:

• Abdominal pain (often right sided)
• Back pain or shoulder pain (often right sided)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pain that begins after consuming a fatty meal
• Pain that gets steadily worse
• Pain lasting from 30 minutes to several hours
• No symptoms between attacks
• Fever (can indicate serious blockage – see a doctor immediately)

The best way to determine if you do have gallstones is with an abdominal ultrasound.

What is the recommended diet for people with gallstones?

Certain foods are better tolerated by people with gallstones.  In general a low-fat, high vegetable and fruit diet is the best for managing symptoms of gallstones.  A vegetarian diet is associated with a low incidence of gallstones.

Foods that are recommended for people with gallstones:

• Beets (very good for supporting the liver and gallbladder)
• Cucumber
• Green beans
• Sweet potatoes
• Avocado
• Artichoke
• Tomatoes and tomato sauce
• Okra
• Cold water fish (salmon, trout, herring, mackerel) and fish oils
• Grapes and organic grape juice
• Apples and organic apple juice
• Apricots
• Blue and blackberries
• Currants
• Figs
• Guava
• Lemons
• Pears
• Papaya
• Prunes
• Coconut
• Flax seed oil
• Vinegar
• Vegetable juices
• Garlic
• Ginger
• Turmeric
• Onions (may aggravate sensitive individuals)
• WATER – incredibly important.  Drink 2 liters per day.
• Peppermint tea
• Herbal teas

Foods that should be avoided:

• Deep fried foods
• Eggs (cause symptoms in up to 95% of patients)
• Pork
• Turkey
• Chicken
• Beef
• Nuts
• Legumes
• Dairy (milk, butter, cheese, cream, ice cream)
• Gluten grains (wheat, barley, spelt, rye, kamut)
• Corn
• Coffee (can decrease the risk of developing gallstones, but can aggravate existing gallstones)
• Black tea
• Oranges, grapefruit
• Margarine
• Chocolate
• Alcohol
• Cabbage
• Cauliflower
• Carbonated beverages
• Food allergens

In addition to avoiding these foods you should also avoid large meals, especially late in the evening.  Eat several smaller meals throughout the day and focus on consuming greater amounts of fruit and vegetables.  Once you are symptom free and ready to re-introduce dairy and meat products, select low fat options.

While weight loss is often desirable for people with gallstones it is important not to lose weight too quickly – this can lead to a gallbladder crisis.  Instead focus on slow, steady weight loss and regular aerobic exercise (which also supports gallbladder health).

Are there naturopathic treatments for gallstones?

Yes.  In addition to a healthy diet there are several supplements that can support the function of the gallbladder and decrease symptoms of gallstones.

Omega 3 fish oils – Fish oils reduce the formation of gallstones by enhancing bile flow and blocking cholesterol formation in the bile.  A combined EPA-DHA fish oil supplement should be taken by anyone with gallstones, or risk factors for the development of gallstones.

Increase dietary fiber – Diets high in water-soluble fiber (from fruits, vegetables, oat bran and guar gum) decrease cholesterol levels – a primary goal of gallstone treatment.  A good source of fiber is to mix 1 tablespoon of ground flaxseed into one serving (8oz or ½ cup) of organic applesauce and consume daily.

Vitamin C – Low levels are associated with the development of gallstones.

Lecithin - a phospholipid that reduces the saturation of cholesterol in bile that leads to stone formation.  Oral supplementation results in higher concentrations of lecithin in the bile.  This results in improved bile flow.

Enteric-coated peppermint oil – peppermint has been shown to have ‘anti-lithic’ activities.  It may be able to breakup small stones, but is unlikely to dissolve large stones.  Peppermint also has anti-spasmodic effects and can help manage the pain of gallstone attacks.  Non-enteric-coated forms can cause heartburn and should be avoided.

Other botanicals with liver and gallbladder specific actions can be used in some individuals.  These include dandelion root, milk thistle, artichoke, curcumin, celandine, wild yam, blackroot, boldo, and others.

Another popular natural remedy for gallstones is the “Olive Oil Flush”.  Stories abound of individuals passing large gallstones after following this protocol.  Studies examining these ‘stones’ have demonstrated them to be saponified olive oil and not gallstones.  Olive oil flushes are NOT recommended for individuals with gallstones as they can lead to a complete blockage of the bile ducts and result in the need for surgery.

As with any serious health concern, it is recommended that you contact a qualified Naturopathic Doctor who can individualize your plan to meet your specific needs.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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Essential fatty acids are just that – essential.  Our body can produce most of the fats it needs (such as cholesterol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids), however it can not produce omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids.  This makes them essential to consume in our diet.

Omega-6 fatty acids are found in the oils of seeds and grains, such as sunflower, safflower, soy and corn oils.   The average North American tends to consume adequate amounts of omega-6 fatty acids through their diet.

Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish and fish oils, flax, walnuts and canola.  Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown in over 8000 studies to be important for human health and nutrition.  Omega-3s have a role in every stage of development from pregnancy and infancy through to elder adulthood.   The average North American diet does not provide adequate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids and most people would benefit from an omega-3 supplement.

The ABCs of EFAs

The language of essential fatty acids (also known as EFAs) can be confusing.  Knowing the basic ‘ABCs’ of the EFAs can simplify things and make selecting a supplement much easier.

ALA – alpha-linolenic acid.  An omega-3 fatty acid found in flax, walnuts and canola oil.  The other omega-3s (EPA and DHA) can be synthesized from this molecule.  The primary source of omega-3s for vegans.

DHA – docosahexaenoic acid.  An omega-3 fatty acid.  The richest source is fish and fish oil.  Especially important for the central nervous system, brain and eye.  Has anti-inflammatory effects in the body.

EPA – eicosapentaenoic acid.  An omega-3 fatty acid.  The richest source is fish and fish oil.  Important for mood and behaviour as well as anti-inflammatory effects.

GLA – gamma-linolenic acid.  An omega-6 fatty acid.  The richest sources are evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant oil.

LA – linoleic acid.  An omega-6 fatty acid.  Found in the oils of seeds and grains such as sunflower, safflower, soy and corn.   The other omega-6 fatty acids can be synthesized from this molecule.

Balancing 3s and 6s

In the body omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (ALA and LA) compete for the same enzymes to be converted into the health promoting long-chain omega 3s and 6s (DHA, EPA and GLA).  This is significant because the substances derived from the omega 3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA have opposite effects to the omega 6 derived substances.  EPA and DHA lead to eicosanoids that are anti-inflammatory, while the eicosanoids derived from GLA are pro-inflammatory.

High intake of dietary omega 6s can be detrimental to health by blocking enzyme conversion of the omega-3s to their active EPA and DHA form.  Maintaining an optimal ratio of omega-3s and omega-6s is essential for health.

The standard North American diet has a ratio of 20:1 omega-6s to omega-3s.  An ideal ratio is closer to 1:1 or 2:1.  Excess omega-6s have been implicated in thrombosis, vasoconstriction, inflammation, heart disease, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, asthma, depression, and other chronic diseases.

Due to this imbalance in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids most people do not require an omega-6 supplement but could benefit from an omega-3 supplement to correct the essential fatty acid ratio.

The Benefits of Omega-3s

Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids have numerous benefits and no disadvantages.  There are so many benefits of omega-3s that it is easiest to break down the benefits by system.   Unless otherwise indicated both EPA and DHA are recommended to achieve the listed benefit.

General Health

• Improved mood and memory
• Healthy metabolism
• Bone strength
• Healthy skin
• Decreased inflammation
• Better management of pain associated with arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and back pain

Cardiovascular Health

• Reduced triglycerides
• Reduced blood pressure
• Decrease inflammation in the heart and blood vessels
• Decreased risk of angina, heart attack and stroke

Cognitive Health

DHA is important for development of the brain and nervous system in infants, and in the repair and protection of the nervous system from age-related damage.  DHA plays an important role in:

• Development of fetal nervous system in utero
• Improved cognitive function in infants, toddlers and children
• Preventing dementia and Alzheimer’s in the elderly
• Improving cognitive performance in the elderly

EPA (combined with DHA) has the greatest benefit for conditions of altered mood and behaviour including:

• ADHD
• Depression
• Bipolar disorder
• Schizophrenia

Pregnancy, Infancy and Breast Feeding

DHA is necessary for the proper development and functioning of the nervous system, brain, and eyes.  The fetus is dependent on the mother for DHA intake – which must be high enough to meet both the requirements of the fetus and the mother.  Improved DHA levels in mothers and their breast milk is associated with:

• Improved fertility
• Decreased risk of premature birth
• Decreased risk of post-partum depression
• Improved attention, focus, learning, intelligence and behaviour in children
• Decreased risk of allergies in children
• Improved immune development
• Improved visual acuity
  

  

Eye Health

• Decreased dryness
• Decreased redness
• Improved tear production
• Decreased risk of age-related macular degeneration
• Decreased risk of cataracts
• Protection against age-related damage to the eyes

Essential Fatty Acid Supplements

For most people, the preferred form of essential fatty acid supplement is a fish oil supplement.  Vegans may use flax oil as an alternative, but will require higher doses because the conversion to EPA and DHA in the body is inefficient.

Select a fish oil supplement that is:

• Made from small cold water fish (such as sardines and anchovies) or cod liver.
• Fresh.  Fish oil can go rancid and should not be used beyond the listed best before date.
• Adheres to high production standards and performs third-party testing for peroxide, heavy metals, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and other contaminants.
• Is sustainably harvested.  This means the fish used are not endangered, are not from overfished waters and 100% of fish that are harvested are used for human or animal consumption.

Fish oil doses are dependent on the levels of EPA and DHA and should be individualized according to your individual health requirements.  Speak to a Naturopathic Doctor to determine your ideal EPA and DHA ratio and dosage.  A basic maintenance dose for someone with no major health issues is approximately 500mg EPA and DHA daily.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

Selected References

Calder PC.  n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases.  Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1505S-1519S.

Deckelbaum RJ, Leaf A, Mozaffarian D, et al.  Conclusions and recommendations from the symposium, Beyond Cholesterol: Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with n-3 Fatty Acids.  Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:2010S-2012S.

Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, et al.  Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry.  J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1954-1967.

Goldberg RJ, Katz J.  A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain.  Pain 2007;129:210-223.

Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, et al.  Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 2003;111:e39-44.

Helland IB, Smith L, Blomen B, et al.  Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children’s IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age.  Pediatrics 2008;122:472-479.

Howe PR.  Dietary fats and hypertension: focus on fish oil.  Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;827:339-352.

Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association.  Nutrition Committee.  Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease.  Circulation 2002;106:2747-2757.

Saldeen P, Saldeen T.  Women and Omega-3 Fatty Acids.  Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004;59:722-730.

Simopoulos AP.  The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.  Exp Biol Med 2008;233:674-688.

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Obviously my favourite use for tea is as a delicious health-promoting beverage, but I love finding new ways to incorporate tea into my life.  I scoured the internet to find other uses for tea – either loose tea leaves, new or used tea bags.  I was amazed at the versatility of tea – just another reason to love it!

Around the house

1. Deodorize fridges: Place loose black tea leaves or used tea bags in the fridge to absorb odours.

2. Spice up your lingerie: Place loose herbal tea leaves in a muslin bag (or use a new tea bag – try chai or another spicy blend) and place in your lingerie drawer to add a subtle spice to your unmentionables.

3. Clear out kitty litter odours: Used tea leaves can help deodorize kitty litter boxes.  Dry out used green tea leaves and mix into the litter.

4. Clean carpets: Sprinkle dry, used green tea, mint, vanilla or spiced tea leaves onto dirty or musty carpets.  Leave in place for 10-15 minutes, then vacuum up.  Mint and other herbal teas leave a nice fresh scent without the chemical residue of carpet cleaners.

5. Clean surfaces: A number of different surfaces can be cleaned with tea.  Mirrors, windows and white boards are easily cleaned with a cool tea solution (or simply wipe the surface with a cool, wet green tea bag).

6. Polish wood furniture: Brewed black or green tea (both have a high tannin content) can help clean and shine wood furniture.  Dip a soft cloth in a small amount of cooled brewed tea (freshly brewed and cooled tea works best) and use to wipe down tables, chairs and other wood furniture.

7. Tenderize meat: A great substitute for meat tenderizer, place 4 tablespoons of black tea leaves in 3 cups of warm water and steep for 5 minutes.  Strain the leaves and place meat in tea solution before cooking.  Works best for pot roast or other oven-baked meat.

8. Flavour foods: Place tea in an infuser and drop in rice while cooking for tea-infused flavour (try making a chai-spice brown rice then using it to make a decadent oven-baked rice pudding!)

Body Care

9. Soothe tired eyes: Place brewed chamomile, black or green tea bags (let them cool until they are warm, but not hot to the touch) over tired eyes for 5-15 minutes. This can reduce puffiness and hydrate the skin around the eyes.

10. Soothe pain of pinkeye: Pinkeye (conjunctivitis) can be quite painful.  Use a warm, wet tea bag (try chamomile, Rooibos, green or black tea) as a compress to soothe the itching and pain of pinkeye.

11. Soothe a sunburn: If you don’t have any aloe around, you can use wet tea bags to soothe sunburn and other minor burns.  Be sure to cool the teabag before applying it to burnt skin.  If you are burnt all over, take a bath in tea infused water.

12. Soothe razor burn: Apply a warm wet black or green tea bag to skin irritated by razor burn.  The tea will soothe the irritation and calm the redness.

13. Soothe a lost tooth: When your child looses a tooth, soak a tea bag in cool water and place it on the site to stop bleeding and reduce the pain.  (Decaffeinated black tea bags or peppermint tea are a good choice if doing this for a child!)

14. Condition dry hair: If you have dry hair, try a tea rinse.  Brew a strong black or green tea, apply to hair and allow to dry.  Rinse with water once hair is dry.  Will leave hair softer and with more shine.

15. Cleanse face and body: Tea is a rich source of antioxidants and some people claim that it can be used to protect and beautify the skin.  Instead of using water, consider washing your face with green tea (said to help clear acne) or taking a bath in green tea infused water.

16. Resolve foot odour: Soak your feet in strong tea for 20 minutes daily to reduce foot odour.  A mixture of black and peppermint teas is particularly effective for this purpose – the tannins in the black tea will decrease sweating and eliminate odour causing bacteria, while the peppermint is cooling, refreshing and adds a pleasant fragrance.

17. Dry poison ivy rash: A strongly brewed black tea can be used to help dry a weepy poison ivy rash.  Simply dip a cotton ball into the tea, dab it onto the rash and allow to air-dry.  Repeat as needed.

Garden

18. Fertilize roses: Roses appreciate the acidic nature of tea (especially the tannic acid).  Spread used black or green tea leaves around rosebushes, then add mulch and water.

19. Feed houseplants: Use cold brewed tea once per week instead of water to feed ferns and other houseplants that thrive in an acidic soil (most plants that bloom).  See here for a list of acid-loving houseplants.

20. Encourage compost: Add strong tea to a compost bin (also put your used tea leaves in the compost!) to speed up the decomposition process and encourage the growth of friendly bacteria.

Other

21. Freshen up your car: Place loose lavender, chamomile or other soothing herbal teas in a bag under the seat to fight odours (and fight road rage!)

22. Dye paper and fabrics: Green and black teas can be used to dye fabric and paper to give it an antique appearance.

23. Paint with tea: Experiment with tea as paint or to accent black and white sketches for a weathered look.

24. Tell the future: Reading tea leaves is an ancient art that can be entertaining and enlightening.  Join Sax Francisco monthly at Steeped and Infused for the very popular Tea Reading Workshops.

25. Improve sleep: Make a tea leaf pillow.  Use dry loose tea leaves (brewed or unbrewed) and fill a small pillow for your bed.  Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners suggest using green tea so that you will wake ‘clear headed and fast thinking’.  Herbalists suggest using chamomile, lavender, or passionflower to calm the mind and relax the body for a more restful sleep.

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Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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As every pregnant woman approaches the last weeks of pregnancy they can’t help but start thinking of ways to bring on labour and get the chance to meet their baby sooner.

A pregnancy is considered full term at 37 weeks and the techniques discussed in this article should not be started until after this point.  Some women choose to wait until 40 weeks, or their due date to begin trying to naturally induce labour.

Below are suggestions for natural labour induction methods that can be attempted at home and also those that should only be administered by a qualified Naturopathic Doctor.

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Techniques for Natural Labour Induction at Home

1.     Sexual intercourse

One of the simplest methods of inducing labour (if you’re up for it!)  The prostaglandins in semen can help with the dilating and effacing (thinning) of the cervix.  If you are able to achieve orgasm this can further open the cervix.  Additionally, sex can trigger the release of oxytocin, the ‘contraction’ hormone.  Sex, even this late in pregnancy, is perfectly safe for both the mother and baby.

2.     Nipple stimulation

Stimulating the nipples (manually or with a breast pump) can lead to increased frequency and strength of contractions.  Stimulating the nipples causes the release of oxytocin, the same hormone that is responsible for uterine contraction.  This technique is best done if you are already experiencing infrequent contractions, labour has stalled or you are several days past your due date.  There are several methods that are suggested:

i.   firm pressure of nipple with fingers for 2 minutes, rest for 3 minutes.  Repeat for 20 minutes.

ii.  15 minutes of firm nipple (including the areola) stimulation (alternating breasts midway through) each hour for several hours in a row.

3.     Exercise

Sometimes the best technique for inducing labour is encouraging the baby to assume the best position for labour and delivery.  Exercise, such as walking, swimming, belly dancing, or some yoga movements can help descend a baby into the pelvis and apply the necessary pressure on the cervix for dilation to occur.

4.     Pineapple

Fresh pineapple is a rich source of bromelain, an enzyme that some people think can encourage ripening of the cervix and bring on labour.  Eat fresh pineapple daily, juicing and canning pineapple destroys the bromelain.  Caution: large amounts of pineapple can contribute to heart burn or diarrhea in some people.

5.     Castor Oil

One of the oldest methods of bringing on labour, it is one that I don’t personally recommend unless you are past your due date.  Castor oil works by irritating the digestive tract and having purgative (vomiting) and laxative (diarrhea) effects.  This over-stimulation of the digestive tract also results in stimulation of the uterus and can be effective in bringing on labour.  However, many women would prefer not to be experiencing diarrhea or vomiting in their early labour.  If you choose to use castor oil start with smaller amounts (1-2 tablespoons) and mix with a nut butter (such as almond butter) to provide  some fat and protein to lessen the negative effects of the castor oil.

6.     Evening Primrose Oil

Evening primrose oil is a rich source of prostaglandins and can support the thinning and dilation of the cervix.  Gel caps are easily available in health food stores.  Insert 3 capsules as close to the cervix as possible each night at bedtime (wear a pad to bed in case there is a slight discharge.)

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Techniques for Labour Induction Provided by a Naturopathic Doctor

7.     Red raspberry leaf tea

A botanical that is well known for it’s uterine tonifying properties.  It promotes stronger contractions of the uterus and is often used throughout the entire third trimester to ‘work out’ the uterus and get it ready for labour and delivery.  It is unlikely to induce labour on its own, but when used in combination with other methods it can speed up the progression of labour and promote strong, healthy contractions.

8.     Botanicals – blue cohosh and black cohosh

Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) are uterine tonifying herbs.  They are known to cause contraction of the uterus and are thus contraindicated for use in early pregnancy.   They may be used in certain circumstances to stimulate labour and promote strong and regular contractions.  These herbs should never be taken without proper medical supervision from a qualified Naturopathic Doctor, midwife or obstetrician.

9.     Homeopathic Remedies

Homeopathic remedies are small doses of more potent substances and, as a result, are very safe for use during pregnancy, labour and delivery.  They are considered much safer than botanical remedies – no published studies exist showing any harm to the mother or fetus after use of homeopathics in pregnancy and labour.

The most common homeopathic remedies used to induce labour are pulsatilla, caulophyllum and cimicifuga.  Homeopathic remedies are taken by mouth at regular intervals to induce labour.  Dosages vary – contact your Naturopathic Doctor for an individualized plan.

10. Acupuncture

Acupuncture has been used for centuries to treat conditions associated with pregnancy (such as heart burn, nausea, and carpal tunnel syndrome) as well as for inducing labour.  Acupuncture to stimulate labour can be begun after 37 weeks gestation and is administered from once per week to once per day, depending on the desired outcome.  When performed after the due date, acupuncture has been shown in studies to have a success rate of up to 88% in starting labour.

Specific points are used to stimulate and strengthen uterine contractions, promote proper fetus positioning and encourage the downward movement of Qi (energy) which can bring on labour.

All published studies have shown acupuncture to be safe for both mother and fetus when applied by a qualified practitioner.  Be sure to find someone who is experienced in perinatal acupuncture protocols and techniques.

Your Naturopathic Doctor can also teach you proper acupressure techniques for you, or your birth partner, to administer to induce labour or manage pain during labour and delivery.

Remember, although most of these methods are safe and can be effective in encouraging labour in full-term pregnancies, it is important to make sure your primary health care provider (e.g. midwife or obstetrician) has given you the go-ahead for trying to induce labour.  There are some instances where waiting is the best approach for both mother and baby.

Also be sure any practitioners (Naturopathic Doctors, homeopaths, herbalists, acupuncturists, etc.) are fully qualified and knowledgable in pregnancy and labour.  Not all practitioners have the same level of experience – ask questions and only work with practitioners you have confidence in.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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As one of my RMT friends prepares to embark on her yearly journey to Burning Man she asked if I could prepare a list of natural first aid supplies to support her during her time in the Nevada desert.  This is that list – supplies for general first aid, for digestive health, headaches and more.

What is Burning Man?

Once a year, tens of thousands of participants gather in Nevada’s Black Rock Desert to create Black Rock City, dedicated to community, art, self-expression, and self-reliance. They depart one week later, having left no trace whatsoever.  If you are interested in learning more about Burning Man, check out the website at http://www.burningman.com/

In addition to your conventional first aid supplies (bandages, alcohol, gauze, tweezers, etc.) I recommend bringing the following items to make your week in the desert easier and more enjoyable. 

Bumps, Bruises and Blisters

Arnica 30C – a homeopathic remedy for all bumps and bruises.  Safe for all ages.  Speeds healing and decreases pain.

Arnica gel (or Traumeel®) – a topical version of the arnica homeopathic.  Arnica has anti-inflammatory and circulation-stimulating properties.  Apply directly to sore muscles, sprains, strains, bumps and bruises to speed healing and decrease pain.  Do not apply to broken skin.

Witch hazel – apply witch hazel directly to a blister to dry it out, then cover with a bandage.  Once the blister is dry, apply calendula cream to speed healing.

Cuts and Scrapes

Calendula cream – calendula (Calendula officinalis) is marigold flowers.  An herb with astringent, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties.  Apply to cuts and scrapes (not to open wounds) to prevent infection and speed healing.  I recommend Weleda’s Calendula Diaper Care cream – a thick cream with a high calendula content.  Do not use if you have a ragweed allergy.

Hypericum 30C – a homeopathic remedy for deeper cuts with stinging nerve pain.  Use for puncture wounds, deep cuts or any time you have sharp shooting pain.

Tea tree oil – a broad spectrum antimicrobial that can be used as an antiseptic for cuts and scrapes as well as for acne, fungal infections, and athlete’s foot.  Can also be inhaled for sore throat (a common concern in the desert!)  Apply a 10% tea tree oil directly to wounds to prevent bacterial or fungal infections.  Apply a few drops to a handkerchief or bandana and inhale deeply two to three times per day to treat sore throat.  Do not take internally.

Sunburn

Aloe vera gel – cooling and healing, aloe vera gel soothes the inflammation of sunburn, speeds healing and decreases the severity of peeling after sunburn.  Of course, sunscreen should always be used while in the dessert and reapplied frequently.  Choose a safe sunscreen from www.ewg.org.

Glonoinum 30C – a homeopathic remedy for sunburn, sunstroke and headaches from sun exposure.

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Digestion

Ginger tea or ginger Altoids – best for nausea, motion sickness or indigestion.  Drink ginger tea hot or cold or suck on ginger Altoids for fast relief.

Peppermint tea, peppermint Altoids and Enteric Coated Peppermint Oil (ECPO) – peppermint is soothing to the digestive tract and is very effective at relieving gas pains or indigestion.  Use peppermint tea or peppermint Altoids for general indigestion or take ECPO to relief gas pains.

Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice (DGL) – used for heartburn.  Chew one or two tablets as needed or 20 minutes before meals.

Licorice tea – soothing for a sore throat – especially dry and scratchy sore throats.  Licorice tea contains mucilaginous compounds that soothe and heal the inflamed mucous membranes of the throat.

Nux vomica 30C – a homeopathic remedy for over-indulgence.  Take for nausea, vomiting, headaches or other symptoms of hangover.  Remember to remain well hydrated if you are indulging in alcohol or other recreational substances.

Milk thistle tea – milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a plant best known for it’s liver supportive and detoxification properties.  Drink hot or cold to support your liver if you are planning on over-indulging during your time in the desert.

B vitamin complex – in addition to vitamin C, B vitamins are depleted by consuming alcohol and contribute to hangovers.  Take a B vitamin daily, with plenty of water.

Headaches

Lavender oil – a multi-purpose essential oil, lavender is analgesic (decreases pain), anti-spasmodic, and mildly sedative.  For headaches, apply lavender essential oil to the temples and rub in gently.  Apply to sore muscles to relief muscle spasms.  Place a few drops on your pillow to fight insomnia.  Do not ingest.

Dehydration

Coconut water – dehydration and electrolyte loss are major concerns for anyone planning to spend a week in the hot Nevada desert.  In addition to drinking abundant water, coconut water contains a high concentration of potassium, minerals and antioxidants.  It is ‘isotonic’ – meaning it has the same level of electrolyte balance as we have in our bodies.  It is delicious and will rehydrate faster than water.

Emergen-C – an easily absorbed vitamin C supplement that can be added to water.  Provides 1g of vitamin C, electrolytes, 24 nutrients and 7 B-vitamins.  Comes in small, easy to carry packets.

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Mood

Bach Rescue Remedy – you never know when anxiety, frustration, fear or other bad moods are going to strike.  Rescue Remedy is a blend of flower essences that calm the mind, ease stressful transitions (like the long lines to get into Burning Man), and provide relief from stress or emotional fatigue.

Chamomile tea – calms the mind and relaxes the body.  Drink hot or cold.  Safe for children.  Can also relieve indigestion.  Apply a warm chamomile tea bag over a bruise, black eye, insect bite or other irritation to soothe and decrease pain and swelling.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

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As a mother to a pre-schooler, a pregnant woman and a Naturopathic Doctor when I venture out of Toronto into the great outdoors (or even out into our backyard!) I am very mindful of avoiding pesky insects – and also avoiding poisonous insect repellents!

The most common ingredient used in commercial insect repellents is DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) – a solvent that is not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age or in pregnant women.

Natural Alternatives

Many plants have developed their own means of repelling undesirable insects and attracting desirable ones.  We can harness this evolutionary design for our own uses and make highly effective (and safe!) natural insect repellents from the essential oils of plants.

*Pennyroyal is toxic and should NOT be used on the skin of children, infants or pregnant women

Making Your Own Natural Insect Repellent

As you can see in the chart above, different insects are repelled by different chemicals, so you can make a highly effective repellent by combining a few different insect-repelling essential oils.

You will need:

10-25 drops (total) of essential oils
2 tablespoons of carrier oil or alcohol (good options include: olive oil, grapeseed oil, vodka)

Great White North Mix (Effective against mosquitoes, black flies and ticks)

Equal parts of:

• Cinnamon oil
• Lemon eucalyptus
• Peppermint
• Vanilla
• Lemongrass
• Geranium

Patio Power Mix (Effective against ants, mosquitoes, flies and wasps)

Equal parts of:

• Peppermint
• Lemongrass
• Vanilla

Mix the essential oils with the carrier oil or alcohol in a small spray bottle.  Spray the natural insect repellent onto skin, clothing, patio chair cushions, etc.  You’ll want to re-apply the repellent every 2 hours or after swimming or sweating.

Other Natural Insect Repellents

Citronella candles – offers moderate protection against mosquitoes.  A University of Guelph study found that sitting near a citronella candle resulted in 42.3% fewer bites.  May not be enough on their own, but can contribute to overall insect control.

Undiluted essential oils – select a few undiluted oils from the list above and add to candles for decoration and insect repelling.  Dr. Crystal Draper also recommends applying undiluted vanilla oil to the pulse points (wrists, neck, ankles) to repel mosquitoes with a pleasant smell.

Avoid floral scents – avoid using hair and body care products (including sunscreen) that have a floral scent.  Insects (especially mosquitoes and wasps) are attracted to these scents.  Consider mixing some of the essential oil mix above into your shampoo when camping or cottaging.

After the Bite

If you get bit, try applying tea tree oil directly to the bite.  Tea tree is antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and usually non-irritating.  Pure lavender oil can also be used.

Disclaimer

The advice provided in this article is for informational purposes only.  It is meant to augment and not replace consultation with a licensed health care provider.  Consultation with a Naturopathic Doctor or other primary care provider is recommended for anyone suffering from a health problem.

Select resources

Natural Standard.  “Insect bites and stings and related conditions.  Levels of scientific evidence for specific therapies.”    2011.

Barnard Donald R et al. “Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae).” Journal of Medical Entomology. 41.4 (2004): 749-57.

Consumer Reports. “Insect repellents: Which keep bugs at bay?” Consumer Reports. June 2006. 19 June 2006 <http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health-fitness/beauty-personal-care/insect-repellents-606/overview/index.htm>

Fradin Mark S et al. “Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites.” New England Journal of Medicine. 347.1 (2002)13-8.

Ives AR et al. “Testing vitamin B as a home remedy against mosquitoes.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 21.2 (2005):213-7.

Kim SI et al. “Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.” Pesticide Management Science. 60.11 (2004) 1125-30.

Lindsay L. Robbin et al. “Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 12.2 (1996):293-4.

Park BS et al. “Monoterpenes from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mosquito repellents.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 21.1 (2005):80-3.

Rajan TV et al. “A double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of garlic as a mosquito repellant: a preliminary study.” Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 19.1 (2005):84-9.

Trongtokit Y et al. “Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites.” Phytotherapy Research. 19.4 (2005):303-9.

Tuetun Benjawan et al. “Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L., compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions.” Tropical Medicine and International Health. 10.11 (2005):1190-8.

Xue RD et al. “Laboratory evaluation of toxicity of 16 insect repellents in aerosol sprays to adult mosquitoes.” Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 19.3 (2003):271-4.

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